A healthy microbiota: 85% 15% beneficial, pathogenic gram-positive bacteria bacteria Gut Health Benefits of Microbiota to Harmful Effects of the Host Microbiota is More than a Microbiota metabolizes SCFA, enzymes, Gut Instinct amino acids, and many B vitamins Microbes compete with host for nutrients SCFA stimulate gut epithelial cell Decrease fat digestibility by proliferation and increase villus height deconjugating bile acids (De Vadder et al, 2014 (Gaskin, 2001) Can produce toxic compounds (ammonia, Competitive exclusion of pathogenic amines, phenols, cresol, indoles) bacteria once established (Klis et al, 2002) Microbiota accelerates turnover rates of Maintains immune homeostasis by enterocytes and goblet cells leading to preventing inflammation high rates of metabolism and protein (Lei et al, 2015) synthesis (Summers, 1991; Cant et al, 1996)